Developement Of Europe Essay -- essays research papers

Development of EuropeThe notions of modernity, modernization, and modernity play an important role in better understanding the development of Europe. These triplet concepts can be applied to a range of transformations in the areas of politics, socio-economics, and culture respectively. The three concepts are connected, yet each has its own unique qualities that are recyclable in understanding the changes across Europe in this period. These ideas are crucial to the better comprehension of the creation of the Europe of today.To understand the significance of the terms, it is important to initiatory understand the terms themselves. Modernity was a term used around the french Revolution as a term of abuse. However, in the later go of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century it became associated more with improvement and advancement. Modernization refers to the processes political, economic, and social that made a society modern. An example of this would be industrializa tion. Finally, modernism is a reference to a high cultural movement and was used to relate to changing attitudes. It is basically a celebration of the notion of progress.Modernity during the French Revolution was used as a term of abuse. At this time, during the Reign of Terror in particular, France was moving toward a more republican form of government. During their set out at the Republic of Virtue Catholicism was a focal point of attack. These attacks ended up fueling divisions that in the end proved to be dim for the republican government. What some people saw as the future, others disliked and associated it with modernity. Hence, the concept of modernitys use as an abusive phrase. However, at the close of the French Revolution, modernity took on a new use. In the nineteenth century and beyond, modernity became a term associated with good things.Unlike modernity, modernization has always been a fairly neutral term. It has always described the processes that actually made the s ociety modern. As mentioned before, a perfect example of this would be industrialization. The best place to attend modernization is England during the Industrial Revolution. In England during the nineteenth century, industrialization began with the movement from agrar... ...form. The NEP substituted a fixed tax on production for requisitions of grain. This policy encouraged people to produce, sell, and crystalize money. People did get rich, but many more stayed impoverished. This belied the Bolshevik credo of a classless utopia. Furthermore, it was basically only a compromise with capitalist methods. It in any case lead to opposition from within the party. The Worker Opposition protested Bolshevik usurpation of economic control. They pointed out that the NEP was an agrarian program and not a proletarian one. nonentity Hour is a term that came into being at the end of World War II. It originated in Germany and was used as a way of saying that the designate was wiped clean. The G ermans that survived the war did not want to be associated with the Holocaust and a war the took millions of lives. Zero hour was their way of saying they wanted to start over. Eventually, however, zero hour became a term for all of Europe. After the destruction of World War II many Europeans and the nations wanted a new start. Not only were close to of the major cities flattened, but the people themselves did not want to be associated with the death and fascism of the war.

Chinese Prostitution :: essays research papers

In 1850, only 7 Chinese wo men were in San Francisco compared to the 4,018 Chinese men. These lows numbers couldve been because Chinese men were afraid(p) to bring their wives and raise families in a place full of racial violence. The growing anti-Chinese sentiment and hardly a(prenominal) labor opportunities reduced the chances for entry of Chinese women. The hardly a(prenominal) women in San Franciscos Chinatown basically turned Chinatown into a bachelors society. Many men went to brothel houses to release their sexual tensions, thus increasing the demands and value of prostitution. Prostitution in Chinatown increase, and in 1870, 61 percent of the 3536 Chinese women in California as prostitutes (Takaki, 1998). By 1879, seventy-one percent of Chinese women in San Francisco were prostitutes. However, the increased amount of Chinese women becoming a prostitute was not by choice. Immigrant women who became prostitutes, such as Wong Ah So, came to America on promises of marriage mad e by men only to be forced or tricked into prostitution.Chans book, "Asian Americas An Interpretive History", was able to shed some light as to why so few Chinese women were able to enter the U.S. From the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, Chinese women were only allowed to enter the U.S. as the wives and daughters of merchants or U.S. citizens. Several acts, such as the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and the Page Law, were passed in an attempt to stop the immigration of Chinese because many anti-Chinese individuals assumed that all Chinese women were prostitutes. As Chan states in her book, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act suspended the entry of Chinese laborers for ten years but exempted merchants, students and teachers, diplomats, and travelers from its provisions (Chan, 54). Under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act, only women who were native-born, married or born overseas to merchants in the U.S. could immigrate, thus resulting in an average of 108 Chinese immigrant wom en in 1882. The Page Law of 1875, which "forbid the entry of Chinese, Japanese, and Mongolian contract laborers, women for the get of prostitution, and felons" was so strictly enforced that legitimate wives had trouble entering America (Chan, 54). Yung argues that in order for Chinese women to enter the country, they had to prove that they were "moral" women. "Bound feet became a moral standard for Chinese women at the checkpoint" (Yung, Judith). This standard, however, didnt apply to all women.

Hamlet and His Home Essay examples -- William Shakespeare Hamlet Essay

Hamlet and His Home Hamlet begins at the open m discloseh of the Void. Barnardo and Francisco call out to separately other and into darkness they stand atop a guard platform that is naked to the open air and to the night. Every characters entrance is marked by a series of interrogatives, as characters already on stage try to ascertain the identity of those who are newly arrived and yet unseen. Darkness isolates these men from each other as they stand on the edge of civilization, the place where the solid stones of Elsinore castle open up into the world of night and the supernatural. The nature of the ghost carcass debatable Horatio has initially insisted that the guards delusions relieve oneself conjured the phantom (1.1.21), and, even accepting the reality of the apparition, Catholic teaching (ghosts are spirits of the dead coming up from purgatory) and Protestant doctrine (all ghostly apparitions are demons in disguise) hold divergent opinions on the nature and source of pha ntoms (Garber 12/15). The men have gathered together on the guard platform, which has become a kind of stage within a stage. They have come to see a visitor who is a creature of hallucination, purgatory, or hell. This ghost is coming out of the open maw of night above and around the platform what is known clings to the battlements, and all else in existence hails from the empty, the unknown, the imagined, the demonic. When Barnardo reports to Marcellus, I have seen nothing (1.1.20), the word nothing takes on a number of meanings. He has not seen the apparition gazing out into the dark, he has barely seen anything at all. But beholding is still phrased in the positive, and so nothing becomes something to see. It is more than absence emptiness itself exists as an ... ...st famous moments deal with a nothing that is the absence of what is known as Hamlet asks what it would be not to be, the ultimate opaqueness of death is fearsome enough to make him go on living. It is too much for t he prince to stare secret code in the face. Later, in the plays most famous tableau, Hamlet literally stares at an embodiment of Nothing as he holds Yoricks skull. The skulls eye sockets are without subjectivity, empty of their inhabit organs and the mind that saw through them they contain, in a word, nothing. But from their hollows something maddeningly elusive stares back simultaneously a presence and an absence, as haunting as Hamlets own dead father, and opaque as the darkness that envelopes Elsinore. Part of the plays power is in this substantive nothing, a portal of slippage that relentlessly destabilizes what is known and what is knowable.

Clothes at School Essay -- essays research papers

In a 1969 Supreme Court case, Tinker vs. diethylstilbestrol Moines, a controversy was started over students exhausting black armbands to protest American involvement in the Vietnam War. From this case, and many others like it multiple school boards believe that with uniforms or stricter dress codes, the students will have better learning environments. Many schools now implement strict dress code standards, or school uniforms, because of the cases. Moreover, the students believe they already be not being allowed to express themselves and strict school dress codes and uniforms would not allow the students to do so. One of the things I believe a wide-ranging deal in schools are uniforms. I personally am against uniforms at school. A reason as to why I feel this way is because they enduret allow people to be different, or express themselves. With uniforms a person is dull and exactly the same as the next. While it may be true that certain elements like hair color and gender make th em different, its supposed to be more than just that clothes and not uniforms are suppose to help a student be this unique person. In the US, students have a right to a free and public education. With extinct depending on whether the student chooses to wear a uniform or not. Have you ever noticed the person way in the back of class thats wearing expensive clothes, and ponder is he/she like the persona of the clothes he/shes wearing outside of school? Well I have, and stereotyping really comes out best in what a person wears. Yo...

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literary Analysis

At first glance, one may be deceived into thinking that these cardinal works have nothing in common, as one contractes on chocolate and the other on an ambiguous letter. However, Lasse Hallstroms Chocolat and Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet letter both tell intriguing stories of wo men with mysterious pasts, who have disruptive influences on the societies they settle in. Although there ar quite a few plot similarities amid the two works, one can see much stronger comparisons when describing the towns hatfuls mindsets, major disciplines, and character traits of the protagonists. Interestingly, The Scarlet Letter takes place in a antiquated town outside of Boston, called Cornhill Chocolat is set in an equally pleasant French village. The link between government and religion is extremely strong the two institutions are deeply intertwined, with each controlling the other. The townspeople pride themselves on their ability to follow tradition. It seems that there is very little roo m for change from the ancient ways. The peoples dedication to religion, through rituals like Sunday Mass and the observance of Lent in Chocolat, illustrate the role religion plays in maintaining order at bottom the town. Those who do not attend church are automatically cast as outsiders who wish to corrupt the values of the unassuming townspeople. The villagers seek tranquility and focus on obeying rules, anything beyond these simple goals is considered strange. Conformity in appearance, as well as thought, is a unifying feature among the people. In Puritan society, it is essential that women and men dress in the most modest fashion. In the French village, women should wear unobtrusive black shoes. People who do not live life harmonise to the towns rules are viewed n... ...dren. Vianne and Hester are both exceedingly capable women, able to enact changes in entire communities their strength is inspirational. In final analysis, there are many an(prenominal) distinct parallels betw een Hallstroms Chocolat and Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. The towns where the stories occur are quite similar in the perspectives offered by the citizens. Hypocrisy is a major theme in the film and the novel, indirectly preciptating the actions of several important characters. There are numerous character traits which are apparent in both Hester Prynne and Vianne Rocher. Although these similarities manifest themselves differently in each character, they make the protagonists exciting, nonetheless. Chocolat and The Scarlet Letter are engaging tales of love and provincial thinking after enjoying one work, readers or viewers should sure enough proceed on to the next one.

The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Literary Analysis

At first glance, one may be deceived into view that these ii works have nothing in common, as one focuses on chocolate and the other on an ambiguous letter. However, Lasse Hallstroms Chocolat and Nathaniel Hawthornes The ruby-red Letter both tell intriguing stories of women with mysterious pasts, who have disruptive influences on the societies they settle in. Although there atomic number 18 quite a few bandage similarities between the two works, one can see much stronger comparisons when describing the townspeoples mindsets, major themes, and character traits of the protagonists. Interestingly, The Scarlet Letter takes place in a quaint town outside of Boston, called Cornhill Chocolat is set in an equally pleasant French village. The link between government and religion is extremely strong the two institutions are deeply intertwined, with each controlling the other. The townspeople pride themselves on their ability to follow tradition. It seems that there is very little room f or change from the ancient ways. The peoples dedication to religion, through rituals like Sunday Mass and the observance of Lent in Chocolat, illustrate the role religion plays in maintaining cabaret within the town. Those who do not attend church are automatically cast as outsiders who wish to corrupt the values of the unassuming townspeople. The villagers seek peace and focus on obeying rules, anything beyond these simple goals is considered strange. Conformity in appearance, as well as thought, is a unifying feature among the people. In Puritan society, it is prerequisite that women and men dress in the most modest fashion. In the French village, women should wear unobtrusive black shoes. People who do not live breeding according to the towns rules are viewed n... ...dren. Vianne and Hester are both exceedingly capable women, able to enact changes in entire communities their strength is inspirational. In final analysis, there are many distinct parallels between Hallstroms Ch ocolat and Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. The towns where the stories occur are quite similar in the perspectives offered by the citizens. Hypocrisy is a major theme in the film and the novel, indirectly preciptating the actions of several important characters. There are numerous character traits which are apparent in both Hester Prynne and Vianne Rocher. Although these similarities clear themselves differently in each character, they make the protagonists exciting, nonetheless. Chocolat and The Scarlet Letter are engaging tales of love and provincial thinking after enjoying one work, readers or viewers should surely proceed on to the next one.

Clean Edge Razor

Clean Edge Razor Haifeng Chen 1. What changes are occurring in the non-disposable razor category? Assess Paramounts competitive position. What are the strategic life cycle challenges for Paramounts real overlap as well as for Clean Edge? The rate of wise- harvest-tide introductions for non-disposable razors and refill cartridges had deepen in recent years, with an unprecedented flurry of 22 new stock- property units being introduced between 2008 and 2009. Most of these new SKUs were line extensions targeted at the super- reward segment and promoted benefits from advances in technology.Because of the new produce introductions and in order to simulate demand, total media advertising expenditures in this category had been rising faster than retail market sales, and this trend was expected to continue. And the statistical distribution of such products has been changed for the increasing shelf space for the product category. And the consumers have changed into more sophisticated in shaving. Paramount has two non-disposable products, which allow the company to capture the unit-volume market-leader position.About the product life cycle, providing a product with good cost x benefit but with a short life cycle for the 33% called Maintenance users keeping these users buying their products and interested in their stigmatizes. Otherwise, launch the Clean Edge product with a longer life cycle. Also, making this product profitable creating a faithfulness from the consumer when they buy cartridges for refill. 2. How is the non-disposable razor market segmented? Examine consumer behavior for non-disposable razors. Paramount found that the intensity of involvement with the product varied significantly among consumers.There is a convention of consumers that Paramount labeled as Maintenance Shavers who were almost completely disinterested in the product category. They treat the shaving as a chore and do it inconsistently. Social/Emotional shavers were motivated by the ove rall shaving experience. They calculate that shaving is an essential part of a daily grooming ritual and likewise makes them feel more attractive and confident. Aesthetic shavers were more fancy of cosmetic result. They not only remove the un hopeed hair but also want to smooth skin. The three categories have different wants and demands in a shaving behavior.We can observe that 67%(39%+28%)consumers are focusing on the premium segment. Also, they are becoming more sophisticated and expecting new technologies to smooth the shaving process. 3. What are the arguments for accounting entry clean air as (a) a niche product (b) a brinystream brand? Which would you recommend? What are the strategic implications of your recommendation? The argument for ledger entry Clean Edge as a niche product is that if launching the Clean Edge as a mainstream product, the company would face a crisis that the customers of Pro products would transfer to the Clean Edge.The strategy will dilute the brand world-beater for the Pro so as to lead to the unwanted cannibalization. Otherwise, launching Clean Edge would complement the existing product portfolio so that expand the product line. If launching it as mainstream product, the reasons are that the consumers are becoming more sophisticated and expect more advanced technology. Positioning Clean Edge as a mainstream product will help prevent loyal Paramount customers from being wooed away to more innovative brands. My recommendation is based on the initial financial forecasts for two options and the ROI.The Exhibit 7 indicates that the total cost of launching niche first year is 1*5+4*2. 43+15+0. 61=30. 33m, the gross is 9. 09*1+7. 35*4=38. 49m. The ROI would be 38. 49-30. 33/30. 33*100%=27%. The total cost of launching mainstream is 3. 3*4. 74+9. 9*2. 24+42+1. 71=81. 528m, the revenue is 3. 3*7. 83+9. 9*6. 22=87. 417m. The ROI would be 87. 417-81. 528/81. 528*100%=7. 2%. After calculation, I would choose to launch it as niche produ ct, because the ROI of niche product is much more greater than mainstream one which means we can invest less to gain more. 4.Based on your positioning strategy, what brand name and marketing budget allocations would you recommend? Based on my positioning strategy, the brand name would be more suitable for standing apart from the current lines with an emphasis on the Clean Edge name. because the positioning is launching a niche product which is a branch of the main brand. If the new product does not well in its sales performance, it would not hurt the main brand intensively. The other reason is that applying this sort of brand name, it would not easily cannibalize the main brand product, which is good for the existing product.Speaking of the budget allocation, I will recommend the company focus on the advertising more. Because we position the product as a niche product, the buying behavior will slightly relate to the trade promotion. The targeting group doesnt really reverence about the trade promotion, what they really care about is that if there is a specialized product made for them. The essential part is letting them know there is something we made for them. So I think the company can reallocate the trade promotion budget on the advertising budget.

The Future Economy

Imagine yourself living the dream of universe an entrepreneur. You are a business man of the 21st hundred you allow a popular product that many firms want to purchase. You feel financially secure with your future because of the amount of buyers for your product. Then 5 years go bye, and the once abundant number of firms has dwindled down to a couple of major corporations. You try to think to yourself how did this happen? You then realize that all the little companies that fought for your business, and helped you liquidate the highest capital are gone.They were acquired by or merged with larger firms. You know that when this happens the market gets smaller and there are less people to buy your product. With few options of companies to sell your product to, comes a smaller amount of profit for you. Two more years go bye and the market gets more concentrated, the remaining giants quarter now offer you any price they want. If you choose non to accept it, you dont sell your product. Your dreams of being your own boss and selling a quality product for a fair price are fading away.Some people may think that this story couldnt happen, but mergers and acquisitions civilise place everyday in the corporate world. This story that I just told you about is real. Instead of being about business men of the 21st blow my article was about the beef cattle grangers of southwestern Wisconsin.The article talks about Virginia-based Smithfield foods, acquired American Foods Group and Packerland Holdings Co. Smithfield is the res publicas largest pork processor they have a 20% market share. Besides the two recent acquisitions Smithfield also has ownership of Cudahy-based Patrick Cudahy Inc. As a result of this Smithfield will now be the peoples forth-largest beef processor, with a 9% market share.Smithfields merger is part of an overall consolidation among the nations larger food processors, which includes the companies of the nations beef industry. Wisconsin is known to man y people as the dairy state because of our cheese and milk production. While this is true, when the dairy cows get onetime(a) and there milk production drops they get sold to beef processors. Due to this, Wisconsins number of beef cattle has been increasing. Wisconsin had 1.29 million dairy cows as of July 1, according to the Wisconsin Agricultural Statistics Service. The state had 260,000 beef cattle, a 2% increase from July 2000.If I had the other three firms information on the market value they have. I could figure out if the market is highly concentrated or somewhat competitive using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index which you showed us in class.Wisconsin beef producers are decidedly concerned about the latest news of Smithfields plans involving Packerland and American Foods. Tom Thieding, a spokesman for the Wisconsin Farm Bureau Federation said, Any time in a consolidation, you just lose the marketing and price opportunity.State Agriculture Secretary Jim Harsdorf also expressed his concern about the consolidation saying we need to apply sure theres still opportunity and competition out there, or the producers are the ones who are going to see their margins cut. The nations broth sector is already highly concentrated, a point that is made repeatedly by farm organizations and others. Serious questions have been raised about vertical and plane integration and market power that puts small livestock producers at a disadvantage and puts consumers at risk. The farmers know that the Smithfield acquisitions further concentrate U.S. meatpacking and eliminate an fundamental competitor in the purchase of livestock, very likely resulting in lower prices for producers.Smithfield believes that it must consolidate in order to keep up with other companies and to append for their customers. But to make a profit the beef and pork processors will be under pressure to pay fair prices to farmers. But the farmers have a very important role in this equation, they supply the product. If the farmers dont have an economic incentive to produce, the processors will not be able to press home to their customers.Smithfields plan to buy American Foods could be reviewed by the U.S. Department of Justice to address the possibility of an just. As we learned in class the antitrust policy tries to promote competition and discourage collusion. But Smithfield believes that American Foods is small enough that the deal wont need regulatory review. The deal with Packerland foods was reviewed and approved by the federal government. Smithfield believes that they are a growing company they will not approach the size of industry leaders IBP, ConAgra and Excel.To beef producers the debate is not theoretical. Mike Riechers, a cattle farmer in southwestern Wisconsin said he believes the competition among cattle buyers dropped in 1998 after Packerland took over the operations Murco Foods. With Smithfield get Packerland and American Foods farmers are concerned that competiti on could drop even further.In conclusion, consolidation is taking many other forms mergers, partnerships, integration, and similar terms are being used to describe a variety of business arrangements that result in the same final product fewer people making decisions in agriculture. In many ways, agriculture is just catching up with the rest of the business world, which has been consolidating at a record pace for the past several years. Meanwhile the farmer will become a grower, providing the labor and often some of the capital, but never owning the product as it moves through the food system and never making the major management decisions. Most consumers already put no thought into the financial cost of growing the hay that fed the cow that ends up on your plate.

The Factors that Contribute to Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils

IntroductionThis chapter testament discourse the background, the backcloth and the need for the flummox study highlighting the question questions raised that allow the study exit endeavor to answer. The present study foc intakes on pupils with reasoned and Multiple reading Difficulties (PMLD) and how with the use of engineering in the produce of iPads these pupils laughingstock be impressively taught. In other words, what f turn of eventsors deal contribute towards the legal use of iPads in fleshy and Multiple larn Difficulties (PMLD) pupils.BackgroundThe force field of force of special(a) fosterage and breeding has advanced tremendously through the past decades and sub-branches crap turn outed wherein specialists have discovered and realised the various study disabilities amongst children. Children with cardinal and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) present ample challenges for teachers. engine room in this regard has several solutions to offer to aid in effective teaching and instruction as a part of effective teaching aid, engineering science in the form of inventions such(prenominal) as iPads comes to rescue and measure up more productive teaching and learning (Davis and Florian, 2004). Pupils need one-to-one help and iPads can allow pupils to refrain from being thrown down on or chewed down on the floor and enable them to stay on the table in the schoolroom. However, the effective use of iPads remains a question unanswered in the present search publications.Scope of the dissectThis section go out discuss and explain the scope of the study entailing how the conclusions drawn from the findings and the answers of the investigate questions found give provide implications to improve the practical scenario for teachers dealing with pupils with heavy(a) and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD). The present study attempts the fill the gap in literature that exists with regard to the use of iPads in enabling more produ ctive and effective teaching and learning amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD). The implications of the study will allow teachers to practice more effective teaching strategies and improve learning and booking amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) development iPads.enquiry QuestionThis section will briefly state the search question that the study will attempt to answer using primary and supplementary research findings. The main research question raised in the study is What be the factors that contribute to effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils?LimitationsThis section will discuss the limitations of the research in terms of the findings and the implications to be drawn from the research.Literature ReviewThis section will investigate and critically discuss the theoretical underpinnings of the subject area to raise questions regarding the existing literature that are presently unanswered and provide a theoretica l theoretical account to allow for say the research question raised. The literature review of the present study will revolve around the theoretical perspectives on teaching pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD), the teaching strategies adopted based on the existing research findings and developments and the recent technological developments and their involvement in the field of special education. The literature review will point towards the need to investigate the scope of and the use of iPads in special education of pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) further backed with the theoretical fashion model musical accompaniment the teaching strategies to be embedded in the effective use of iPads in classrooms. The literature review will draw out the usefulness of iPads in the form of the applications that can be utilized in teaching and engaging PMLD pupils in classrooms and then testing this theoretical finding using primary info battle array to draw conclusions and implications for teachers. following(a) this plan of challenge for the literature review, the chapter will be divided in the following sectionsTheoretical Perspectives on PMLD Teaching and LearningIn this section of the literature review, the theories related to PMLD teaching will be focuse on to develop a background to the existing development in the field and shed light on the aspects that form the foundation of the present study and prevail the need for further exploration. Effective Teaching Strategies and Tools for PMLD Pupils In this section, the coetaneous practice of teaching PMLD pupils will be investigated using secondary information obtained from books and research journals to capture strengths and weaknesses and identity a need for further investigation and development. Applications on iPads for Special Education of Pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) In this section, the advancements in the technology and how they have come to aid in learning of PMLD pupils will be critically evaluated in this section focusing entirely on iPads.MethodologyThis chapter will discuss the methodology chosen for the present study and provide justifications for selecting it. performance research strategy is the prime research strategy to be used. Primary as well as secondary sources of selective information will be used to capture the information pick upd to answer the research question raised. The chapter will discuss and explain what attain research entails and provide brief explanations of the primary and secondary sources of information. The chapter will further discuss the sampling technique used and the sample surface. Further, the research instrument to be used will also be discussed. search StrategyThe research strategy of treat research will be discussed here. Action research involves a practical approach to research inquiry in a social institution (Waters-Adams, 2006). Survey on teachers of 10 special schools using questionnaire will be used to investigate and assemble the selective information and develop battle profiles with pupils using peculiar(prenominal) applications. look into DesignPrimary and secondary sources will be discussed here. Sample Size and Sampling Technique The sample size and sampling technique will be discussed here. Analysis and Discussion This chapter will present, analyse and discuss the findings of the study and draw answers for the research question.ConclusionThis chapter will re-start the findings and draw out implications for the teachers to practice more effective teaching strategies and improve learning and affaire amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) using iPads.ReferencesDavis, P. and Florian, L. (2004). Teaching strategies and approaches for pupils with special educational needs A scoping study. part for Education and Skills. Available at http//www.education.gov.uk/ inter touchingneeds/module s/Module-1.1-Understanding-the-child-development-and-difficulties/ all(prenominal)/downloads/m01p010c/II.teaching_strategies%20including_aspects_of_II.pdf. Accessed 3 August 2012. Waters-Adams, S. (2006). Action Research in Education. faculty of Education Plymouth.The Factors that Contribute to Effective Use of iPads with PMLD Pupils1. IntroductionThis chapter will discuss the background, scope and need for the proposed study, highlighting the main questions that the research will address. The research aims to search how technology can be optimally used to clog up pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD). Focusing on the Apple iPad, the study will look how technology might be used to augment the effective teaching of pupils with PMLD by investigating the factors that may contribute towards efficient implementation of such technologies.1.1. BackgroundThe field of special education and learning has advanced tremendously through the decades, and has led to the development of sub-branches of research allowing specialists to discover and understand more about various learning disabilities amongst children. Currently, children with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) present an ample challenge to modern teaching methods and teachers alike. However, advances in technology have been able to offer several solutions to effective teaching and learning as a part of effective teaching aid. Such technology has included in the invention of tablet tresss such as Apple iPads, which are thought to promote more productive teaching and learning (Davis and Florian, 2004). Such pupils require one-to-one help and although plausibly iPads may have a role to play in such support, the factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads remain under researched in the empirical literature.1.2. Scope of the StudyThis section explores the scope of the study, detailing how the conclusions drawn from the findings will have practical implications t hat may improve teaching practices for teachers dealing with pupils with PMLD. At present, there exists a gap in the emerge literature surrounding the use of technology with pupils with PMLD. Although case studies detailing the utility of iPads in enabling more productive and effective teaching and learning amongst pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD) are getning to emerge, the area remains under-researched. Little is known about the specific factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils. The findings and associated implications of the proposed study will allow teachers to develop and practice the intimately effective teaching strategies to improve learning and participation amongst PMLD pupils using iPads.1.3. Research QuestionThe main research questions explored in the present study were Does the use of iPads enhance learning with PMLD pupils? What are the factors that contribute to the effective use of iPads with PMLD pupils?1 .4. Study LimitationsAt present the only predicted limitations will be concerned with the practicalities of conducting follow out research in tandem with normal teaching activities. In order to manage this effectively, a detailed time surpass of this research has been formulated.2. Literature Review correspond to Boote and Beile (2005), the purpose of a literature review is to provide a theoretical underpinning to the area under discussion by critically examining the existing literature surrounding the topic under investigation. Following this rationale, the subsequent section will provide an evaluative report of the subject area, going beyond the descriptive to identify the questions that remain unanswered in the on-line(prenominal) literature, and provide a theoretical framework to approach the research question under study. The review will revolve around the theoretical perspectives regarding teaching pupils with Profound and Multiple Learning Difficulties (PMLD), the teaching strategies rate of flowly adopted based on existing research findings and developments and the recent technological developments and their relevance to the field of special education.The literature review will indicate the need to investigate the scope and use of iPads in special education of pupils with PMLD, backed with a theoretical framework supporting the teaching strategies to be embedded in the effective use of iPads in classrooms. Furthermore, it will identify the effectiveness of iPads in the form of the applications that can be employ in teaching and engaging PMLD pupils in classrooms. Following this plan of action for the literature review, the chapter will be sub-divided in the following sectionsTo modify or impart this see or to get pricing on a custom look for Contact Us Today1. Theoretical Perspectives on PMLD Teaching and LearningAccording to the Schools Census info (2004), pupils with PMLD are defined as (having) complex learning needs. In addition to very sev ere learning difficulties, pupils have other significant difficulties, such as physical disabilities, sensory impairment or a severe medical condition. This definition highlights the complexity of PMLD it is severe and multi-domain, characterised by the existence of two or more severe impairments that may be visual, physical or sensory, and include other complex medical needs (Healy & Noonan Walsh, 2007). In 2010, the Dfes identified a 29.7% plus in the prevalence of pupils with PMLD between 2002 and 2009, due in part to improved diagnosis and survival rates of pre-term infants with severe disabilities (Marlow, Wolke, Bracewell & tonality, 2005). Pupils with PMLD have greater difficulties in learning, and require a high degree of adult support to meet both their learning and physical needs (DfES, 2004). Practitioners and educators must be able to support such pupils to overcome these barriers to learning, by adapting the curriculum to meet their specific needs. According to the Qu alifications and platform Authority (2007), pupils with PMLD are likely to remain at an proto(prenominal) stage of development, with advancement in the early P Scale between P1 to P3, with a focus on develop basic skills throughout the curriculum and across all subjects.Flo longhorn and Penny Lacey have been working with pupils with PMLD for over ten years, and both advocate a sensory approach to learning. Both authors emphasised the importance for children with PMLD to follow their senses from an early stage, and suggested that the role of practitioner is to stimulate as effective learning can only take place when such sensory stimulus takes placeWithout the stimulation and awakening of the senses, it would be difficult for a very special child to begin to make sense of the outside existence and begin to learn. (Longhorn, 2004 p.6)To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodaySimilarly, Lacey (2009 2011) suggested that the PMLD learner re quires opportunities to understand, discover and explore through sound, touch, smell, taste and vision. To better understand why learning for PMLD pupils should be sensory requires an exploration of the cognitive processes that are at play. If we consider the early stages of development in normal children, learning is primarily concerned with children forging a connection to the world around them making sense of it via exploration and investigation using their senses (Longhorn, 2004). This resonates virtually with Piagets sensorimotor stage, the first stage of cognitive development in his influential theory (Piaget, 1977) whereby infants from birth to two years construct an understanding of the world by coordinating their physical actions with outcomes such as seeing and hearing. Across the two years, a child is expected to progress from reflexive action at birth, to the emergence of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. According to Cunnigham (2010), PMLD learners at the m ost severe end of the spectrum be given cognitively at six to twelve months of age, because an appropriate approach for such learners is to focus methods of teaching at sensory levels.2. Effective Teaching Strategies and Tools for PMLD PupilsAll pupils learn best when they are fully engaged (Iovanne et al., 2003). According to Carpenter (2010), no meaningful learning or outcome will take place without pupil engagement thusly it is life-sustaining that deep engagement from pupils is planned throughout the learning practise. In this sense student engagement can be conceptualised as a reciprocal process a function of both the time and energy pupils devote to educationally purposeful activities, and the efforts made by schools to implement effective educational practices (Kuh et al. 2008). Given that engagement is so vital to the success of mainstream educational activities, it stands to reason that such engagement is similarly vital to the success of educational activities with pup ils with PMLD. Indeed, Iovannone et al., (2003) stated that degree of engagement was the most important forecaster of educational success for pupils with PMLD.Following research conducted by the Specialist Schools and Academies Trust (SSATrust) into effective learning with children with complex learning difficulties, the Engagement Profile and Scale was developed. This is a classroom tool that allows teachers to focus on pupils engagement to learning to create personalised pathways of learning, and monitor the effectiveness of classroom interventions (SSATrust). The teacher is required to select an activity with which the pupil is usually highly engaged, and one to which the pupil demonstrates low engagement. During each task, the teacher records the extent to which the pupil demonstrates his or her engagement across a 5-point scale ranging from no engagement to fully sustained engagement across seven domains (awareness, curiosity, investigation, discovery, anticipation, initiation and persistence). Teachers are encouraged to look for wasted signs of early engagement such as changes in breathing, eye movement, facial expressions or movement. Although in its early stages of classroom intervention, forming part of ongoing research into best practice in classrooms with children with complex educational needs, early case study reports have indicated that the Educational Profile and Scale is an effective tool to devise strategic interventions to encourage re-engagement with learning (Carpenter, Egerton, Brookes & Durdle, 2011).To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today2.3. The Specific Use of Technology to Support Learners with PMLDInformation communication technology (ICT) has become a valuable tool for teaching and learning in specialist schools (Davis & Florian, 2004). Condie, Munro, Seagraves and Kenesson (2007) concluded that a substantial dust of literature supported the notion that ICT can be a powerful tool to sup port pupils with educational needs, both in mainstream and specialist environments. Although the studies have tended towards the humble scale, findings have elicited common themes included increased communication, improved participation and self-esteem. Ofsted have reported on a number of ways ICT has supported the learning of pupils with additional educational needs, noting improvements to attention span, attitude and motivation, whilst overcoming some of the barriers to learning consequently also increasing attainment (Ofsted 2005 2004a). The Communications Aid Project (CAP), which was funded from 2002 2006 supplied technological acquired immune deficiency syndrome to pupils with severe communication problems to allow them to more readily access the school curriculum. An evaluation of the project (Wright et al., 2004) noted that the initiative had been well received by parents and pupils alike, with pupils report a significant increase in both their abilities and quality of li fe.The key advantage of ICT lies in its opportunity to provide a personalised learning environment, bespoke individually to meet the specific needs of each pupil, but in order for this to be realised, there must be first be a comprehensive and accurate assessment of pupil needs, access and strengths (Handy, 2000). Practically speaking, although ICT can free pupils with limited motor skills or coordination from the problems of manipulating physical materials, physical access to the device itself must be simple to allow pupils to concentrate their efforts on the cognitive task being performed. (Williams, 2005 NOF training manual, 2004).Technology, however, is often introduced to pupils without a full understanding of the social welfare it may offer. Florian and Hegarty (2004) suggest that unless teachers fully understand the potential benefits of ICT and the logic behind using such technology, purposeful learning and engagement is limited. The application of ICT, they argue, must be gin with the teacher and an understanding of the type of learning they hope to achieve. Teachers must be trained and competent in the use of ICT themselves before they can fortunately support its use in pupils with PMLD in overcoming barriers to learning. Furthermore, they must also fully understand the nature of the assessment they would need to conduct in order to fully utlilise the technology.In addition to an adequate assessment of needs and the appropriate use of devices, the third component of successful use of ICT involves the software employed. Sparrowhawk and Heald (2007) outlined criteria for software to ensure it can successfully overcome barriers to learning. They suggested that software should be stimulating and fun, colourful with clear, rich graphics, music and sound, offer immediate feedback with repetition and reward, be challenging and allow pupils to redeem trying, but be structured in small steps. Supporting these criteria, Foyle (2012) recently published an art icle outlining the role of interactive technology in the SEN classroom, describing pupils as most engaged and motivated when applications were visual and contained sound, music and rewards.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayAn important contributor to the field has been the tablet device, specifically the Apple iPad, a slim, lightweight and multi-touch device for downloading, accessing and interacting with a vast range of applications. To date, footling empirical evidence of the effectiveness of the iPad in supporting learning in pupils with PMLD has been conducted and reported, although case studies published by schools that use iPads to support such learners are opening to emerge. For example, the deputy head teacher at Topcliff School has reported that iPads have had a positive impact and response from their special needs pupils and teachers alike, as the iPad is informal to use, accessible and allows the user to access many well - intentional applications, a sentiment shared by the head of music at Mary Elliot Special school, who described the technology as easy to use allowing teachers to feel confident in using ICT, with cheap yet engaging applications. In a blog written by Jwinchester25 (2012), a head of year in a generic special school for pupils with a range of special educational needs, the iPad is described as a device that enables and allows learning at any time, with a wealth of sensory applications that are ideal for learners working between p1 and p2, owing to the visual impact and vociferous feedback provided by its applications. Undoubtedly, the iPad has several factors that are advantageous in supporting the learning of PMLD pupils, including the range and value of its applications, its sleek and easy to use design, and use of touch technology, which can help overcome barriers for pupils facing issues using the traditional mouse and keyboard (Bean, 2012). However, such advantages come with im portant caveats teachers must ensure that the device is both adequately positioned and mount to optimise both vision and interaction (Watson Hyatt, 2010 Rahman, 2012).To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today2.4. ConclusionPupils with PMLD have greater difficulties in learning and have additional impairments in functioning and needs that can create barriers to learning. Practitioners and teachers can support pupils to overcome such barriers by providing a learning environment that is stimulating to the senses, and promotes motivation and engagement. The world of technology can augment such learning by enabling pupils with PMLD to communicate and engage with the world around them. However, in order to maximally support such learners, technology must be tailored to the specific and individual needs of each pupil, requiring a thorough and accurate assessment of each pupils needs. It would appear that the Apple iPad has great potential to act as a tool for learning for pupils with PMLD, however there remains a gap in the empirical literature regarding the factors that might influence successful use of the iPad in such a teaching environment.1. MethodologyThe following chapter discusses the research methodology chosen for the present study and provides the rationale underpinning its selection. As action research was selected as the prime research strategy, this chapter will discuss and explain what action research entails and also provide a brief explanation of the data hookup methods that will be employed. Furthermore, the chapter will discuss the technique of sample selection and sample size proposed. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of the research instruments that will be utilised to gather the primary data.2. Research StrategyAccording to Lewin (1946), action research is a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action (using) a spi ral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action. It involves a practical approach to research inquiry in a social institution (Waters-Adams, 2006), and is perhaps more interactive than other research methodologies, as it balances data collection and analysis with problem solving action in the field. This is advantageous as it allows the researcher to derive predictions regarding change within the research target (Reason & Bradbury, 2002). It is conceptualised as a collaborative process between the researcher and the research site and population, so it allows not only for honoring and reflection, but also action and improvement of practice (Mills, 2006). Action research was particularly appropriate in this context.The author of the present study is an ICT coordinator, and was keen to discover how young technology purchased by the authors school could be most effectively used with PMLD learners. Action research is often used when a new initiative is about to be implemented, in the absence of knowledge regarding the best method to do so. It allows for the discovery of practical solutions that are directly derived from the specific circumstances of the research site. However, as action research does not involve the objective measurement of phenomena, it can suffer from researcher bias (Mills, 2006). However, all researchers bring a degree of subjectiveness shaped by individual experience, and it is the action researchers challenge to recognise such bias and build a critical reflexivity into the research process accordingly (Herr & Anderson, 2005). Action research can be time consuming, and difficult to conduct in tandem with normal classroom activities. For this reason, Mills (2006) advocates developing a timeline of enquiry.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us TodayThe timetable for the current study is as followsPhase 1 (July 2012) Develop research questions. Phase 2 (August 2012) Conducted critical review of relevant literature. Phase 3 (September 2012) Conduct classroom observation. Disseminate questionnaire to second school. Phase 4 (October 2012) Conducted semi-structured interviews with teachers. Phase 5 (November December 2012) Data collation and analysis Phase 6 (Early 2013) Review, question and action. Disseminate research findings to interested parties.3. Data CollectionAccording to Mills, the importance of data collection is to challenge yourself to explore every possible angle to try to find patterns and adjudicate out new understanding among the data (2006 122). The selection of data collection methods forms a fundamental step in the research process and should be underpinned by the concepts of reliability and validity. dependability relates to the accuracy of the data and urges the researcher to consider whether the data they have collected presents an accurate representation of the reality under study. Validi ty refers to the essential truthfulness of the data an assertion that the data collected actually measures the reality under study. Producing high quality research is of particular concern to the action researcher in schools, as the teacher researcher has an additional obligation to their students, and to add to the captain knowledge base (Sagor, 2000). One method of enhancing the quality of research is to triangulate data collection to use more than one source of data during more than one point in time. The present study included questionnaires, observation and semi-structured interviews. The approach therefore was mainly qualitative, although the inclusion of some closed-ended questions in the questionnaire allowed for some limited quantitative enquiry.4. QuestionnairesThe questionnaire was designed and will be disseminated via Survey Monkey, an online research resource which allows users to design analyses and collect and analyse data easily. The questionnaire contained both op en-ended and closed-ended questions to enable respondents to both answer the specific research questions, and also provide their own responses to add richness to the data. Invitations to embark in this part of the research will be made to members of staff from a different school to the research site, and respondents will be invited to complete the questionnaire via an online link. The questionnaire has been designed specifically to investigate how other schools are integrating iPads into their work with PMLD learners. The main advantage of the questionnaire method is that it potentially allows the researcher to collect a large kernel of information in a relatively short amount of time (Mills, 2006). However, the method is notorious for returning lower response rates. Generally speaking, postal survey methods have an average response rate of below 10%, whilst typical response rates for online surveys are a little higher, at 20 30% (SurveyMonkey, 2012).5. ObservationThe observation s will be conducted only at the primary research site, and will be participatory in nature, as this allows for more focused naturalistic observation (Bell, 2005). In the present study, observation will take place with four pupils with PMLD as they use iPads as part of normal teaching and learning activities. The observations will be guided by the use of the Engagement Profile (SSATrust, 2010) which will enable the researcher to observe exactly which factors involved in the use of iPads engage pupils. For an example of the Engagement Profile observation sheet refer to Appendix A.6. InterviewThe aim of the interview is to elicit information about participants attitudes, opinions and perspectives in order to form a meaningful understanding of the phenomena under study (Hannan, 2007). Specifically, this research will include the use of semi-structured interviews, which allow researchers to have a desexualize of specific questions to discuss, but allows for some flexibility on the respo ndents behalf. One interview will be conducted with the class teacher, and will address the ways in which iPads are incorporated into teaching activities with PMLD learners.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today1. Sample Size and Sampling Techniques For questionnaire completion, sampling will follow the snowballing technique, a non-probability sampling technique whereby participants in turn recruit future participants from among their acquaintances. In this instance, the link to the online survey will be sent to the target population, with a request that it is passed on to other interested parties. As the likely response rate is as yet unknown, the link will be sent to all possible study participants. The return rate will determine whether any quantitative data analysis will be conducted on the closed-ended survey items. The observations will be limited to four pupils, who will be identified as appropriate for participation via the resear chers own knowledge of the pupils within the research site, and via discussions with classroom teachers. Only one interview will be conducted with the classroom teacher. Methods were selected that drew upon small samples to provide an in-depth exploration of the area under study, the number of observations and interviews was restricted to maximise the effectiveness of such in-depth exploration (see Kruger & Casey, 2009 for a discussion regarding sample size when using qualitative methods.7. Ethical ConsiderationsOf prime concern to any researcher, are the ethical considerations and implications of their work. A full understanding of research ethical motive, and adherence and accountability to an ethical framework can provide a solid base for the research work in order to achieve completion of said research successfully (Willis, Inman and Valenti, 2010). regard to ethical considerations in research promotes the aims of research prohibiting the falsification of results avoids error. Ethical norms ensure that the researcher remains accountable to the public and can prevent harm therefore prior to the commencement of any piece of research, it is essential to consider all the ethical implications that may present themselves throughout all stages of the study. Central to research ethics is the issue of react. The proposed study will provide interview participants with a Participant Information Form (PIF) detailing exactly the aims and processes of the research, and the contact details of the researcher. A live with form will be given with the PIF for both the participant and researcher to sign. The form will detail the participants right to refuse to participate, and right to withdraw consent at any point during the research, without penalty. As the pupil observations will be conducted as part of normal teaching and learning activities, it is not necessary to seek permission from parents.To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact U s TodayIn a dissertation work, keeping the personal details of the respondents secured is a prime ethical requirement, therefore, another major ethical consideration of the proposed study relates to anonymity and confidentiality. Conducting any research within the workplace could raise concerns among participants therefore the interviews and Engagement Profiles will be anonymised and assigned codes rather than names. Surveys will be conducted anonymously via SurveyMonkey, access to data will be strictly limited to the researcher, and all participants will have the right to access their own information.ReferencesBean, I. (2012) A helping hand. SEN Magazine, February 2012. Available at https//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/856-how-can-we-make-computers-more-accessible-to-all.html (accessed 13.08.2012).Boote, D.N. & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars before researchers On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation. Educational Research 34 (6) 3 15. Carpenter, B., Egerton, J., Brooks, T.& Durdle , R. (2011). Engagement in Learning. Available at http//www.education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-3.2-Engaging-in-learningkey approaches/All/downloads/m10p080c/Special_Children_Engagement_in_Learning_201_June-July_2011_pg40-42.pdf (accessed 29.08.2012).Condie, R., Munro, B., Seagraves, L. & Kenesson, S. (2007). The impact of ICT in schools a landscape review. Becta.Cunningham, J. (2010). Profound education learning and PMLD. SEN magazine, January 2010. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/496-profound-education-learning-for-those-with-pmld.html (accessed 29.08.2012)Davis, P. & Florian, L. (2004). Teaching strategies and approaches for pupils with special educational needs A scoping study. Department for Education and Skills. Available at http//www.education.gov.uk/complexneeds/modules/Module-1.1-Understanding-the-child-development-and difficulties/All/downloads/m01p010c/II.teaching_strategies%20including_aspects_of_II.pdf. (A ccessed 03.08 2012).Department of education and early childhood development. (2010). iPads in special education. Available at http//www.ipadsforeducation.vic.au (accessed 05.08.2012).Department for Education and Skills (2004). Research herald Number 578 Inclusion and Pupil Achievement. DfES Publications, Nottingham.Florian, L. & Hegarty, J. (2004). ICT and Special Educational Needs (Learning Teaching With ICT). 1st Edition. Open University Press.Foyle, A. (2012). Switched on to education. SEN magazine, January 2012. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/378-switched-on-to-education-the-use-of-ict-in-sen.html (accessed 29.08.2012)Hannan, A. (2007). Interviews in education research (online) University of Plymouth. Available at http//www.edu.plymouth.ac.uk/resined/QUESTS/index.htm (Accessed 03.08.2012).Healy, D., & Noonan Walsh, P. (2007). Communication among nurses and adults with severe and profound intellectual disabilities Predicted and observed strategies. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 11(2), 127-141.Herr, K. & Anderson, G. (2005). The Action Research Dissertation A break away for Students and Faculty. rational Publications, CA.Iovannone, R., Dunlap, G., Huber, H. & Kincaid, D. (2003). Effective educational practices for children with autism spectrum disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 18 150 166.jwinchester25 (2012). iPad in a SEN Environment Some of the uses. Available at http//senclassroom.wordpress.com/2012/03/17/ipad-in-a-sen-environment-some-of-the-uses/ (accessed 15.08.2012).Kuh, G., Cruce, T., Shoup, R., Kinzie, J. & Gonyea, R. (2008). Unmasking the effects of student engagement on first-year college grades and persistence. Journal of Higher Education, 79 (5) 540563.Krueger, A., and Casey, M. (2009) Focus groups, a practical guide for use research (4th edition) Sage, Los Angeles. Lacey, P. (2009). Developing the thinking of learners with PMLD, PMLD Link 21 (2) 15-19.Lacey, P. (2011) A profound challe nge. Available at http//www.senmagazine.co.uk/articles/396-designing-a-curriculum-for-pmld-a-profound-challenge.html (accessed 29.08.2012).Lewin, K. (1946) Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues 2(4) 34-46.Longhorn, F. (1998). A Sensory Curriculum for Very Special People. London Souvenir Press Ltd.Mary Elliot School (ipad case study, apple site) Available at http//www.apple.com/uk/education/profiles/mary-elliot/ (accessed 04.08.2012).Marlow,W., Wolke, D., Bracewell, M. & Samara M. (2005). Neurologic and developmental disability at 6 years of age following extremely preterm birth. New England Journal of Medicine 352 (1), 9-19Mcniff, J. (2003) Action research for professional development Concise advice for new action research (3rd Edition). Available at http//www.jeanmcniff.com (Accessed 03.08.2012).Mills, G. E. (2006). Action Research A Guide for the Teacher Researcher (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall. Ofsted (2004a), Report ICT in schools the impact of governme nt initiatives School Portraits Eggbuckland Community College. London OfstedOfsted (2005,) Embedding ICT in schools a dual evaluation exercise. London Ofsted.Piaget, J. (1977). Gruber, H.E. Voneche, J.J.. eds. The Essential Piaget. New York Basic Books.Qualifications and Curriculum Authority (2007). Marker Training 2007. National curriculum assessments monitoring report. QCA/07/3421Rahman, S. ( 2012). Getting started pads for special needs. Rahman Publishing.Reason, P. & Bradbury, H., (2002). The SAGE Handbook of Action Research. Participative Inquiry and Practice. 1st Edition. London SageSagor, R. (2000). Guiding School Improvement with Action Research. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, UK.Sparrowhawk, A. & Heald, Y. (2007). How to Use ICT Effectively With Children With Special Educational Needs. Edition. Learning Development Aids.Waters-Adams, S. (2006). Action Research in Education. Faculty of Education Plymouth.Watson Hyatt, G. (2010). The iPad as an affo rdable communicator. Initial review May 15. Available at http//www.doitmyselfblog.com/2010/the-ipad-as-an-affordable-communicator-initial-review/ (accessed 29.08.2012).Williams, P (2005), Using information and communication technology with special educational needs students The views of frontline professionals. Aslib proceedings new information perspectives 57 (6) 539553.Willis, J., Inman, D. & Valenti, R. (2010). Completing a professional practice dissertation a guide for doctorial students and faculty. IAP.Wright, J, Clarke, M, Donlan, C, Lister, C, Weatherly, H, Newton, C, Cherguit, J and Newton, E (2004). Evaluation of the Communication Aids Project (CAP). London. Available at DfES. http//www.dfes.gov.uk/research/data/uploadfiles/RR580.pdf (accessed 14.08.2012).To modify or extend this essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constituion

The advantages of an un pen constitution far outweigh the disadvantages (40) You must make a judgement. A constitution is a stria of rules that establish duties and functions of the government and defines the basic principles to which society must conform. In this essay I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution and show that I chord with this statement.On one hand, if a written constitution was introduced it would affect the power of government, relationship between judges and politician and individual freedoms and rights. One argument is that a written constitution would make the rules of the orbit clearer, as constitutional rules would be collected together and put into a single document and therefore more all the air defined than in an unwritten constitution where the laws, rights and rules are spread across many another(prenominal)(prenominal) documents.Thus, a written constitution would create less confusion and the import about laws and rights may be greater bring downd. However, a written constitution is unnecessary in countries who do not have one as many believe that the unwritten constitutional nature of, for example, UK politics has ensured a long history of democracy, and written constitutions may not be the most effective way of limiting government power. A written constitution may also have an educational value as it highlights the central values and goals in the political system.This may strengthen the populations feeling of belonging to the country as it creates a clearer sense of political identity. Furthermore, if these citizens feel a sense of belonging to a country they are more likely to become involved in, and be interested in what is going on in their country. On the other hand a written constitution can be considered rigid. With written constitutions a higher law is more demanding to change and it is easier and quicker to introduce an Act of sevens than to alter a constitution.Due to this inf lexible nature of a written constitution it is difficult to ensure the constitution is up to date and relevant to current generation as they cannot be changed easily and therefore it is harder for the government to respond to changing social, economic and political circumstances. Unwritten constitutions are flexible as they are not entrenched, and flexibility is extremely important and useful as the modern day is constantly changing. The strongest argument in favour of a written constitution is that it would defend the rights of its citizens and individual liberty would be more securely protected.The rights would become more clearly defined due to a written constitution and perhaps easier to enforce than an unwritten constitution because it is difficult to be completely sure of what your rights are, these rights can be defined through a bill of rights in the written constitution. However, tho because there is a written constitution does not ensure the rights of a countries citize ns will receive their rights rather, it could lead to an elective dictatorship which might further confine rights and may go on to persecute some of its citizens, which happened in Germany and resulted in the Second World War.Another disadvantage of a written constitution is that there may be tyranny within the judiciary. Judges are unelected and socially do not represent the population which could lead to a democratic deficit because of a lack of democratic legitimacy, as the public could be subjected to opinions which they do not agree with alone have been implemented due to the preferences of senior judges.On the other hand, another advantage of a written constitution is that it would end elective dictatorship, where, as long as a government is elected, it can effectively do as it wishes because it often maintains a majority over the House of Commons and therefore can pass any laws it wishes to. Also, a written constitution would prevent a government from interfering with any higher laws because there would be a higher law safeguarding the constitution. To conclude, I believe that the advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweighs the disadvantages because it has endlessly worked so changing it would be a waste of time, effort and money.In the UK there has been no constitutional crisis or major confusion over what rights citizens have but it remains stable and a part of the countys history. Although an unwritten constitution may be considered too flexible which causes government to almost do as they wish, a written constitution would be far too rigid and would cause major difficulties when wanting to change certain laws, and it would also be difficult to agree on what a new constitution would contain.